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Nixon v. Herndon : ウィキペディア英語版
Nixon v. Herndon

''Nixon v. Herndon'', 273 U.S. 536 (1927) was a United States Supreme Court decision which struck down a 1923 Texas law forbidding blacks from voting in the Texas Democratic Party primary. Due to the limited amount of Republican Party activity in Texas at the time following the suppression of black voting through poll taxes, the Democratic Party primary was essentially the only competitive process and chance to choose candidates for the Senate, House of Representatives and state offices.
This case was one of four supported by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) that challenged the Texas Democratic Party's all-white primary, which was finally prohibited in the Supreme Court ruling ''Smith v. Allwright'' in 1944.
==Facts==
In 1902 the Texas legislature passed a requirement for a poll tax, which resulted in the suppressed voting by black and Mexican Americans. As voter participation by these groups declined, the Democratic Party became more dominant.〔("Historical Barriers to Voting" ), in ''Texas Politics'', University of Texas, accessed 4 November 2012. Quote:
"Instead, Texas suppressed black voting using poll taxes and the white primary. Poll taxes added a direct out-of-pocket transaction cost to voting by charging money to vote. Texas adopted a poll tax in 1902. It required that otherwise eligible voters pay between $1.50 and $1.75 to register to vote – a lot of money at the time, and a big barrier to the working classes and poor. Poll taxes, which disproportionately affected African Americans and Mexican Americans, were finally abolished for national elections by the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1964. Two years later, the U.S. Supreme Court, in 'Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections,' ruled that poll taxes in state elections were unconstitutional."

The white primary in Texas treated the Democratic Party as a private club whose membership could be restricted to citizens of Anglo heritage. It originated as a change in Democratic Party practice early in the twentieth century as a way to disfranchise African Americans, and later in south Texas, Mexican Americans. In 1923 the white primary became state law. After numerous legal challenges to successive versions of the law the Legislature had passed to preserve the practice, the U.S. Supreme Court finally and decisively prohibited the white primary in the 1944 case 'Smith v. Allwright'."

Dr. L.A. Nixon, a black physician in El Paso, Texas and member of the Democratic Party, sought to vote in the Democratic Party primary of 1924 in El Paso.〔(Jim Crow Supreme Court Cases: Texas ), accessed 21 March 2008〕 The defendants were magistrates in charge of elections who prevented him from doing so on the basis of the 1923 Statute of Texas which provided that "in no event shall a negro be eligible to participate in a Democratic party primary election held in the State of Texas." Nixon sought an injunction against the statute in the federal district court. The district court dismissed the suit, and Nixon appealed to the United States Supreme Court.

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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